Headache

There are no known adverse effects for sumatriptan in this trimester.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There are no known adverse effects for sumatriptan in this trimester.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There are no known adverse effects for sumatriptan in this trimester.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There are no known adverse effects for sumatriptan in this trimester.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of almotriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of almotriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of almotriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of almotriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of eletriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of eletriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of eletriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of eletriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of frovatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of frovatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of frovatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of frovatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of naratriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of naratriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of naratriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of naratriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of rizatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of rizatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of rizatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of rizatriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of zolmitriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of zolmitriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of zolmitriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

There is not enough information to determine safety of zolmitriptan in pregnancy. Most of the pregnancy data is available for sumatriptan.

Triptans are not a first-line therapy for headaches during pregnancy. Sumatriptan is preferred to other triptans if needed due to greater safety data in pregnancy. Sumatriptan intranasal spray is preferred to avoid excessive absorption in blood only if other treatments fail to control headaches. Always discuss with your family physician/neurologist and weigh the risk and benefits before its use during pregnancy.

Dihydroergotamine is NOT SAFE for pregnant women (pregnancy warning). It is associated with an increased risk preterm delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Dihydroergotamine is NOT SAFE at any dosage for the baby. If used it can cause a low blood supply to the placenta and baby, resulting in fetal distress and low birth weight of the baby.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy

Dihydroergotamine is NOT SAFE for pregnant women (pregnancy warning). It can result in excessive contraction of the uterus resulting in early delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Dihydroergotamine is NOT SAFE at any dosage for the baby. It can result in excessive contraction of the uterus resulting in preterm delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Ergotamine is NOT SAFE for pregnant women (pregnancy warning). It is associated with an increased risk preterm delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Ergotamine is NOT SAFE at any dosage for the baby. If used it can cause a low blood supply to the placenta and baby, resulting in fetal distress and low birth weight of the baby.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy

Ergotamine is NOT SAFE for pregnant women (pregnancy warning). It can result in excessive contraction of the uterus resulting in early delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Ergotamine is NOT SAFE at any dosage for the baby. It can result in excessive contraction of the uterus resulting in preterm delivery.

Consult your family doctor/neurologist/obstetrician if you are using this medication and try to find alternative treatment options for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Ibuprofen use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Ibuprofen is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Ibuprofen is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Ibuprofen is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Diclofenac potassium use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Diclofenac potassium is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Diclofenac potassium is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Diclofenac potassium is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Naproxen sodium use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Naproxen sodium is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Naproxen sodium is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Naproxen sodium is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Nabumetone use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Nabumetone is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Nabumetone is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Nabumetone is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Ketorolac use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Ketorolac is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Ketorolac is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Ketorolac is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Mefenamic acid use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Mefenamic acid is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Mefenamic acid is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Mefenamic acid is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Several NSAIDs are generally considered safe in the second trimester of pregnancy and could be used (but before 30 weeks of gestation).

Can be used in the second trimester with caution, long term and high use should be avoided. If an NSAID is needed, Ibuprofen is the NSAID of choice.

Indomethacin use in the third trimester may cause decreased fluid around the baby.

Indomethacin is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Indomethacin is NOT SAFE in the third trimester for the baby. It can result in early closure of a blood vessel in the baby's heart (premature closure of ductus arteriosus), result in kidney dysfunction in the baby, and the baby’s lungs may not adopt as well to breathing following delivery.

Indomethacin is not recommended after 30 weeks of age.

Acetaminophen is SAFE in pregnancy.

First-line treatment for headache in pregnancy. Take a small dose as possible for a short duration and use intermittently. Long term and daily use should be avoided as some concerns of ADHD, developmental delay (Autism), and asthma in baby. Any type of combination of Acetaminophen with codeine, aspirin, caffeine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan is NOT SAFE in pregnancy and should be avoided.

Acetaminophen is SAFE in pregnancy.

New data shows some risk of asthma, autism disorder, attention and hyperactivity problems (ADHD) in children, who are exposed to acetaminophen during pregnancy with daily long term use (possibly 28 days or longer).

First-line treatment for headache in pregnancy. Take a small dose as possible for a short duration and use intermittently. Long term and daily use should be avoided as some concerns of ADHD, developmental delay (Autism), and asthma in baby. Any type of combination of Acetaminophen with codeine, aspirin, caffeine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan is NOT SAFE in pregnancy and should be avoided.

Acetaminophen is SAFE in pregnancy.

First-line treatment for headache in pregnancy. Take a small dose as possible for a short duration and use intermittently. Long term and daily use should be avoided as some concerns of ADHD, developmental delay (Autism), and asthma in baby. Any type of combination of Acetaminophen with codeine, aspirin, caffeine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan is NOT SAFE in pregnancy and should be avoided.

Acetaminophen is SAFE in pregnancy.

New data shows some risk of asthma, autism disorder, attention and hyperactivity problems (ADHD) in children, who are exposed to acetaminophen during pregnancy with daily long term use (possibly 28 days or longer).

First-line treatment for headache in pregnancy. Take a small dose as possible for a short duration and use intermittently. Long term and daily use should be avoided as some concerns of ADHD, developmental delay (Autism), and asthma in baby. Any type of combination of Acetaminophen with codeine, aspirin, caffeine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan is NOT SAFE in pregnancy and should be avoided.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioids increase the risk of constipation. Some studies have also found an increased risk of premature labor, however these studies are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Some studies have found an increase the risk of premature birth however these are inconclusive.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Opioid use increases the risk of constipation.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Long term use of opioids can increase the risk of premature birth, premature labor, and even stillbirth. As well, long term use of these medications can cause medication dependency in the mother and withdrawal symptoms in the newborn with breathing difficulty, low heart rate, sedation/drowsiness, and a small baby.

Opioids are not recommended for headache treatment due to lack of efficacy and risk of medication overuse. Some studies suggest a risk of birth defects and newborn withdrawal symptoms.

If a patient is already on opioid pain medications, a sudden stop can harm health and cause withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor, as they may want to reduce the amount of medication and gradually discontinue to avoid withdrawal or other harmful effects.

Safety data for barbituate use in pregnancy is limited.

Barbituates are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy.

Safety data for barbituate use in pregnancy is limited.

Barbituates are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy.

Safety data for barbituate use in pregnancy is limited.

Barbituates are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy and risk of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn when used in the third trimester.

Safety data for barbituate use in pregnancy is limited. When used in the third trimester, it can cause bleeding problems in newborns and withdrawal symptoms as it accumulates in newborn blood and causes sedation, seizures, spasms, and increased irritability. These symptoms of withdrawal may be delayed in the newborn for up to 14 days after birth.

Barbituates are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy and risk of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn when used in the third trimester.

Safety data for butalbital-containing medications in pregnancy is limited.

Butalbital-containing medications are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy.

Safety data for butalbital-containing medications in pregnancy is limited.

Butalbital-containing medications are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy.

Safety data for butalbital-containing medications in pregnancy is limited.

Butalbital-containing medications are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy and risk of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn when used in the third trimester.

Safety data for butalbital-containing medications in pregnancy is limited. When used in the third trimester, it can cause bleeding problems in newborns and withdrawal symptoms as it accumulates in newborn blood and causes sedation, seizures, spasms, and increased irritability. These symptoms of withdrawal may be delayed in the newborn for up to 14 days after birth.

Butalbital-containing medications are not a preferred headache treatment. Limited safety data of its use during pregnancy and risk of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn when used in the third trimester.

Limited data does not show any adverse effects.

Lidocaine is commonly used as a preferred first-line treatment for headache management. Management with intranasal lidocaine or a local lidocaine nerve block injection have no reported adverse events when correctly administered.

Limited data does not show any adverse effects.

Lidocaine is commonly used as a preferred first-line treatment for headache management. Management with intranasal lidocaine or a local lidocaine nerve block injection have no reported adverse events when correctly administered.

Limited data does not show any adverse effects.

Lidocaine is commonly used as a preferred first-line treatment for headache management. Management with intranasal lidocaine or a local lidocaine nerve block injection have no reported adverse events when correctly administered.

Limited data does not show any adverse effects. There have been a few cases of low muscle tone, difficulty breathing and seizures when lidocaine was administered at time of delivery.

Lidocaine is commonly used as a preferred first-line treatment for headache management. Management with intranasal lidocaine or a local lidocaine nerve block injection have no reported adverse events when correctly administered.

There is little evidence to suggest adverse effects of caffeine to the mother in the second trimester.

Current guidelines recommend limiting caffeine intake from all sources to ≤200 mg/day during pregnancy, which is approximately 1-2 cups of coffee or a 12-ounce cup per day.

Caffeine use is not associated with birth defects but moderate-to-high daily doses (> 200mg/day) are more controversial since they might be associated with miscarriage, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, as well as long term high doses, can causes withdrawals in newborns after birth, so access use of caffeine is not recommended during pregnancy.

Coffee, tea, cocoa, and carbonated soft drinks are the main sources of caffeine intake. Caffeine is added to some soft drinks and most "energy" drinks. Caffeine is also present in some prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as cold and flu remedies, allergy and headache treatments, diet pills, diuretics, and stimulants. Increasingly, caffeine is now present as an additive in snack foods, sports performance supplements, and dietary supplements. Coffee contains 50 to 70 percent more caffeine than tea and other products, accounting for the main source of caffeine.

Small doses of caffeine ≤200 mg/day is not associated with increased risks. High consumption of caffeine may increase the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight, although studies are not conclusive.

Current guidelines recommend limiting caffeine intake from all sources to ≤200 mg/day during pregnancy, which is approximately 1-2 cups of coffee or a 12-ounce cup per day.

Caffeine use is not associated with birth defects but moderate-to-high daily doses (> 200mg/day) are more controversial since they might be associated with miscarriage, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, as well as long term high doses, can causes withdrawals in newborns after birth, so access use of caffeine is not recommended during pregnancy.

Coffee, tea, cocoa, and carbonated soft drinks are the main sources of caffeine intake. Caffeine is added to some soft drinks and most "energy" drinks. Caffeine is also present in some prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as cold and flu remedies, allergy and headache treatments, diet pills, diuretics, and stimulants. Increasingly, caffeine is now present as an additive in snack foods, sports performance supplements, and dietary supplements. Coffee contains 50 to 70 percent more caffeine than tea and other products, accounting for the main source of caffeine.

There is little evidence to suggest adverse effects to the mother.

Current guidelines recommend limiting caffeine intake from all sources to ≤200 mg/day during pregnancy, which is approximately 1-2 cups of coffee or a 12-ounce cup per day.

Caffeine use is not associated with birth defects but moderate-to-high daily doses (> 200mg/day) are more controversial since they might be associated with miscarriage, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, as well as long term high doses, can causes withdrawals in newborns after birth, so access use of caffeine is not recommended during pregnancy.

Coffee, tea, cocoa, and carbonated soft drinks are the main sources of caffeine intake. Caffeine is added to some soft drinks and most "energy" drinks. Caffeine is also present in some prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as cold and flu remedies, allergy and headache treatments, diet pills, diuretics, and stimulants. Increasingly, caffeine is now present as an additive in snack foods, sports performance supplements, and dietary supplements. Coffee contains 50 to 70 percent more caffeine than tea and other products, accounting for the main source of caffeine.

Small doses of caffeine ≤200 mg/day is not associated with increased risks. Moderate to high daily consumption of caffeine may increase the risk of low birth weight, and preterm delivery, although studies are not conclusive. Long term consumption of high amounts of caffeine during pregnancy by the mother may cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn for the days following birth.

Current guidelines recommend limiting caffeine intake from all sources to ≤200 mg/day during pregnancy, which is approximately 1-2 cups of coffee or a 12-ounce cup per day.

Caffeine use is not associated with birth defects but moderate-to-high daily doses (> 200mg/day) are more controversial since they might be associated with miscarriage, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, as well as long term high doses, can causes withdrawals in newborns after birth, so access use of caffeine is not recommended during pregnancy.

Coffee, tea, cocoa, and carbonated soft drinks are the main sources of caffeine intake. Caffeine is added to some soft drinks and most "energy" drinks. Caffeine is also present in some prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as cold and flu remedies, allergy and headache treatments, diet pills, diuretics, and stimulants. Increasingly, caffeine is now present as an additive in snack foods, sports performance supplements, and dietary supplements. Coffee contains 50 to 70 percent more caffeine than tea and other products, accounting for the main source of caffeine.

There is a 30% decrease in topiramate blood levels are seen in the second and third trimester due to increased medication breakdown and elimination during pregnancy, thus drug monitoring and dose adjustment is required to prevent seizures.

Topiramate is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If you are using topiramate and planning a pregnancy or are currently pregnant, discuss with your family physician/ neurologist to find a better and safer option for you for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If topiramate has to be used for seizure control during pregnancy then these risks should be discussed and the patient should be in the care of a specialist setting (neurologist/epileptologist). The lowest effective dose should be used and use of topiramate should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with a higher risk of birth defects like valproic acid. Drug monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout the pregnancy to prevent seizures during pregnancy. Weight and signs of metabolic acidosis should also be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy.

More than 2-fold increase in the risk of fetal growth restrictions (smaller babies/low birth weight) with topiramate exposure at 18%, which is higher than other anti-seizure medications,topiramate exposure can cause a risk of small head size at 11%.

When used in pregnancy, topiramate levels in the blood start to decrease in the second and third trimester by 30%.

Topiramate is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Its use during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal growth restriction and low birth weight. This risk should be discussed with women of childbearing age before prescribing this medication.

If you are using topiramate and planning a pregnancy or are currently pregnant, discuss with your family physician/ neurologist to find a better and safer option for you for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If topiramate has to be used for seizure control during pregnancy then these risks should be discussed and the patient should be in the care of a specialist setting (neurologist/epileptologist). The lowest effective dose should be used and use of topiramate should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with a higher risk of birth defects like valproic acid. Drug monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout the pregnancy to prevent seizures during pregnancy.

Drug breakdown and elimination increase during pregnancy, so likely medication effectiveness is reduced as pregnancy advances.

Topiramate is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If you are using topiramate and planning a pregnancy or are currently pregnant, discuss with your family physician/ neurologist to find a better and safer option for you for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If topiramate has to be used for seizure control during pregnancy then these risks should be discussed and the patient should be in the care of a specialist setting (neurologist/epileptologist). The lowest effective dose should be used and use of topiramate should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with a higher risk of birth defects like valproic acid. Drug monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout the pregnancy to prevent seizures during pregnancy. Weight and signs of metabolic acidosis should also be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy.

Some studies showed exposure of topiramate in the third trimester resulted in lower IQ scores across several domains as well as poorer motor and visual-spatial skills in the children exposed to topiramate in comparison to control children.

Other studies have shown no major effects on neurodevelopment after birth and fewer effects on a child's cognitive abilities (limited data).

High risk of developmental delay is seen in babies with low birth weight.

Topiramate is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Its use during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal growth restriction and low birth weight. This risk should be discussed with women of childbearing age before prescribing this medication.

If you are using topiramate and planning a pregnancy or are currently pregnant, discuss with your family physician/ neurologist to find a better and safer option for you for headache prevention during pregnancy.

If topiramate has to be used for seizure control during pregnancy then these risks should be discussed and the patient should be in the care of a specialist setting (neurologist/epileptologist). The lowest effective dose should be used and use of topiramate should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with a higher risk of birth defects like valproic acid. Drug monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout the pregnancy to prevent seizures during pregnancy.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy due to adverse effects on the fetus and is associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy and it is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

It should be avoided where possible and only be prescribed to women of childbearing age in a specialist setting by a neurologist/epileptologist.

In some women, valproic acid may be the only drug that can achieve acceptable seizure control. In this situation, risks should be discussed and a dose reduction should be carefully reduced if possible before conception. Valproic acid use should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with higher risk like topiramate. Single treatment with valproic acid at the lowest effective dose is preferred, if feasible.

Folic acid is recommended in pregnant women using valproic acid (4-5mg per day). It should be noted that there is no convincing evidence that high dose folic acid supplementation protects specifically against valproic acid-associated birth defects (teratogenicity).

Drug level monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout pregnancy.

Half of pregnancies are unplanned, thus scheduling a discussion once a pregnancy is planned will be too late for many pregnancies. Women should be informed of the risk at the time of valproic acid prescription.

Safety issues with valproic acid are also of great importance in psychiatry, where valproic acid may be used for bipolar disorder in women of childbearing potential.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy and may can cause low birth weight in babies.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy and it is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

It should be avoided where possible and only be prescribed to women of childbearing age in a specialist setting by a neurologist/epileptologist.

In some women, valproic acid may be the only drug that can achieve acceptable seizure control. In this situation, risks should be discussed and a dose reduction should be carefully reduced if possible before conception. Valproic acid use should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with higher risk like topiramate. Single treatment with valproic acid at the lowest effective dose is preferred, if feasible.

Folic acid is recommended in pregnant women using valproic acid (4-5mg per day). It should be noted that there is no convincing evidence that high dose folic acid supplementation protects specifically against valproic acid-associated birth defects (teratogenicity).

Half of pregnancies are unplanned, thus scheduling a discussion once a pregnancy is planned will be too late for many pregnancies. Women should be informed of the risk at the time of valproic acid prescription.

Safety issues with valproic acid are also of great importance in psychiatry, where valproic acid may be used for bipolar disorder in women of childbearing potential.

Valproic acid is NOT a SAFE medication during pregnancy due to adverse effects on the fetus. It does not have a higher risk of preterm birth.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy and it is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

It should be avoided where possible and only be prescribed to women of childbearing age in a specialist setting by a neurologist/epileptologist.

In some women, valproic acid may be the only drug that can achieve acceptable seizure control. In this situation, risks should be discussed and a dose reduction should be carefully reduced if possible before conception. Valproic acid use should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with higher risk like topiramate. Single treatment with valproic acid at the lowest effective dose is preferred, if feasible.

Folic acid is recommended in pregnant women using valproic acid (4-5mg per day). It should be noted that there is no convincing evidence that high dose folic acid supplementation protects specifically against valproic acid-associated birth defects (teratogenicity).

Drug level monitoring and dose adjustments should be performed throughout pregnancy.

Half of pregnancies are unplanned, thus scheduling a discussion once a pregnancy is planned will be too late for many pregnancies. Women should be informed of the risk at the time of valproic acid prescription.

Safety issues with valproic acid are also of great importance in psychiatry, where valproic acid may be used for bipolar disorder in women of childbearing potential.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy.

Exposed children of valproic acid have an increased risk of intellectual disability with delayed childhood milestones compared with offspring without prenatal exposure.

The risk of autism spectrum disorder with valproic acid exposure is 4.4%, compared to 1.5% in the general population there is a significantly greater risk for a diagnosis of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with children exposed to valproic acid in utero.

At 3 and 6 years of follow-up, fetal exposure to valproic acid was associated with a reduced IQ of 7–10 points.

Lower doses of valproic acid (<800mg daily) were associated with mildly reduced IQ with impaired verbal abilities and a six-fold increase in the need for educational intervention, Higher doses of daily valproic acid (> 800 mg daily) were associated with a 9.7 points lower adjusted IQ and an eightfold increased need for educational intervention.

Valproic acid is NOT a safe medication during pregnancy and it is NOT recommended for headache prevention during pregnancy.

Given valproic acid has an increased risk of offspring developing learning difficulties and autism spectrum disorder, it should be avoided where possible and only be prescribed to women of childbearing age in a specialist setting by a neurologist/epileptologist.

In some women, valproic acid may be the only drug that can achieve acceptable seizure control. In this situation, risks should be discussed and a dose reduction should be carefully reduced if possible before conception. Valproic acid use should be avoided with a combination of other antiseizure medications with higher risk like topiramate. Single treatment with valproic acid at the lowest effective dose is preferred, if feasible.

Consider whether the patient could be on single therapy with valproic acid with a lower dosage, although no dose of valproate has been proven to be devoid of neurodevelopmental risks, and doses of <400 mg/day have been associated with decreased verbal IQ and increased need for educational assistance.

Folic acid is recommended in pregnant women using valproic acid (4-5mg per day). It should be noted that there is no convincing evidence that high dose folic acid supplementation protects specifically against valproic acid-associated birth defects (teratogenicity).

Half of pregnancies are unplanned, thus scheduling a discussion once a pregnancy is planned will be too late for many pregnancies. Women should be informed of the risk at the time of valproic acid prescription.

Safety issues with valproic acid are also of great importance in psychiatry, where valproic acid may be used for bipolar disorder in women of childbearing potential.

Lamotrigine blood levels drop as pregnancy advances, which can lower medication effectiveness.

Lamotrigine is not the first-line treatment for headache prevention but it is the preferred medication for seizure prevention due to the lower risk of birth defects compared to other anti-seizure medications and broad-spectrum coverage of both focal and generalized epilepsy. It can be used for seizure patients for migraine prevention due to its antiseizure effects.

Lamotrigine levels decrease 40-60% during pregnancy which decreases its effectiveness and can result in breakthrough seizures. Thus, lamotrigine requires frequent drug level monitoring and dose adjustments as its clearance from the kidney and liver increases during pregnancy.

Folic acid supplementation is recommended.

Small risk of growth restriction (small for gestational age) 7% with lamotrigine exposed babies compared to the unexposed babies which are 5%. No increased risk of preterm labor.

Lamotrigine is not the first-line treatment for headache prevention but it is the preferred medication for seizure prevention due to the lower risk of birth defects compared to other anti-seizure medications and broad-spectrum coverage of both focal and generalized epilepsy. It can be used for seizure patients for migraine prevention due to its antiseizure effects.

If polytherapy with lamotrigine is needed, a lower lamotrigine dose should be tried at <325 mg per day to decrease the risk of birth defects.

Lamotrigine levels decrease 40-60% during pregnancy which decreases its effectiveness and can result in breakthrough seizures. Thus, lamotrigine requires frequent drug level monitoring and dose adjustments as its clearance from the kidney and liver increases during pregnancy.

Folic acid supplementation is recommended.

Lamotrigine blood levels drop as pregnancy advances, which can lower medication effectiveness. Seizure recurrence risk is highest in the third trimester, as peak drop in lamotrigine levels.

Lamotrigine is not the first-line treatment for headache prevention but it is the preferred medication for seizure prevention due to the lower risk of birth defects compared to other anti-seizure medications and broad-spectrum coverage of both focal and generalized epilepsy. It can be used for seizure patients for migraine prevention due to its antiseizure effects.

Lamotrigine levels decrease 40-60% during pregnancy which decreases its effectiveness and can result in breakthrough seizures. Thus, lamotrigine requires frequent drug level monitoring and dose adjustments as its clearance from the kidney and liver increases during pregnancy.

Folic acid supplementation is recommended.

Lamotrigine does not affect IQ (intelligence quotient) scores in children exposed to lamotrigine compared to no exposure.

It has low or no risk of adverse neurobehavioral or cognitive outcomes including autism compared to other antiseizure medications.

No increased risk of preterm labor.

Lamotrigine is not the first-line treatment for headache prevention but it is the preferred medication for seizure prevention due to the lower risk of birth defects compared to other anti-seizure medications and broad-spectrum coverage of both focal and generalized epilepsy. It can be used for seizure patients for migraine prevention due to its antiseizure effects.

If polytherapy with lamotrigine is needed, a lower lamotrigine dose should be tried at <325 mg per day to decrease the risk of birth defects.

Lamotrigine levels decrease 40-60% during pregnancy which decreases its effectiveness and can result in breakthrough seizures. Thus, lamotrigine requires frequent drug level monitoring and dose adjustments as its clearance from the kidney and liver increases during pregnancy.

Folic acid supplementation is recommended.

Gabapentin use is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth.

There is limited evidence of the safety of gabapentin during pregnancy. There is a low risk of birth defects based on a small number of cases, but it is associated with low birth weight and preterm birth. It can cause withdrawals in newborns and require ICU care after birth.

Given these effects, it is advised women consult a family doctor/ neurologist to taper gabapentin before a planned pregnancy or discontinue for unplanned pregnancies, at the time pregnancy is confirmed after discussion with your doctor.

Gabapentin is associated with low birth weight and a premature baby.

There is limited evidence of the safety of gabapentin during pregnancy. There is a low risk of birth defects based on a small number of cases, but it is associated with low birth weight and preterm birth. It can cause withdrawals in newborns and require ICU care after birth.

Given these effects, it is advised women consult a family doctor/ neurologist to taper gabapentin before a planned pregnancy or discontinue for unplanned pregnancies, at the time pregnancy is confirmed after discussion with your doctor.

Gabapentin use is associated with the risk of preterm birth.

There is limited evidence of the safety of gabapentin during pregnancy. There is a low risk of birth defects based on a small number of cases, but it is associated with low birth weight and preterm birth. It can cause withdrawals in newborns and require ICU care after birth. These newborns should be carefully observed for excess sedation and additional caution if an infant is born prematurely or is ill.

Given these effects, it is advised women consult a family doctor/ neurologist to taper gabapentin before a planned pregnancy or discontinue for unplanned pregnancies, at the time pregnancy is confirmed after discussion with your doctor.

Gabapentin is associated with low birth weight and premature baby. It can cause withdrawal effects in newborns.

There is limited evidence of the safety of gabapentin during pregnancy. There is a low risk of birth defects based on a small number of cases, but it is associated with low birth weight and preterm birth. It can cause withdrawals in newborns and require ICU care after birth. These newborns should be carefully observed for excess sedation and additional caution if an infant is born prematurely or is ill.

Given these effects, it is advised women consult a family doctor/ neurologist to taper gabapentin before a planned pregnancy or discontinue for unplanned pregnancies, at the time pregnancy is confirmed after discussion with your doctor.

Safety data for the use of pregabalin in pregnancy is not available.

Limited safety data is available for pregabalin during pregnancy, thus this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women.

Limited safety data available for pregabalin during pregnancy.

Limited safety data is available for pregabalin during pregnancy, given its risk of major birth defects and uncertain long-term developmental effects (neurocognitive effects), this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women.

Safety data for the use of pregabalin in pregnancy is not available.

Limited safety data is available for pregabalin during pregnancy, thus this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women.

Limited safety data available for pregabalin during pregnancy.

Limited safety data is available for pregabalin during pregnancy, given its risk of major birth defects and uncertain long-term developmental effects (neurocognitive effects), this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women.

No known adverse effects.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or the underlying medical condition.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Its use may be associated with intrauterine growth restrictions and fetal growth should be monitored during pregnancy. Use in the third trimester can decrease the ability of the uterus to contract and leading to a more difficult labor

Beta-blockers are the first choice for headache prevention if medical therapy needed during pregnancy.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or underlying medical condition.

Metoprolol use may cause a lower heart rate in the fetus, low blood sugars and breathing difficulties if used in the third trimester. If this does occur, symptoms typically resolve 24-48 hours after delivery.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

No known adverse effects.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or the underlying medical condition.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Its use may be associated with intrauterine growth restrictions and fetal growth should be monitored during pregnancy. Use in the third trimester can decrease the ability of the uterus to contract and leading to a more difficult labor.

Beta-blockers are the first choice for headache prevention if medical therapy needed during pregnancy.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or underlying medical condition.

Propranolol use may cause a lower heart rate in the fetus, low blood sugars and breathing difficulties if used in the third trimester. If this does occur, symptoms typically resolve 24-48 hours after delivery.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

No known adverse effects.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or the underlying medical condition.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Its use may be associated with intrauterine growth restrictions and fetal growth should be monitored during pregnancy. Use in the third trimester can decrease the ability of the uterus to contract and leading to a more difficult labor.

Beta-blockers are the first choice for headache prevention if medical therapy needed during pregnancy.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or underlying medical condition.

Nadolol use may cause a lower heart rate in the fetus, low blood sugars and breathing difficulties if used in the third trimester. If this does occur, symptoms typically resolve 24-48 hours after delivery.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

No known adverse effects.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or the underlying medical condition.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Its use may be associated with intrauterine growth restrictions and fetal growth should be monitored during pregnancy. Use in the third trimester can decrease the ability of the uterus to contract and leading to a more difficult labor.

Beta-blockers are the first choice for headache prevention if medical therapy needed during pregnancy.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Some studies have shown decreased growth of the baby, but it is unclear if this is the result of medication or underlying medical condition.

Pindolol use may cause a lower heart rate in the fetus, low blood sugars and breathing difficulties if used in the third trimester. If this does occur, symptoms typically resolve 24-48 hours after delivery.

Not all beta-blockers have been studied in pregnancy and most of the data is for metoprolol and propranolol. Therefore if preventive therapy for migraine is needed metoprolol and propranolol are the first choices given the greater safety data.

If a patient is already taking a beta-blocker before pregnancy for hypertension or heart rhythm problems, beta-blockers can be continued during pregnancy at the lowest effective doses. Long term hypertension itself is associated with the risk of birth defects, maternal and fetal complications, and hence why these medications should be continued after consultation with your doctor for dose adjustments.

Beta-blockers may be stopped 2-3 days before labor to avoid labor difficulties and newborn symptoms of low blood pressure, low heart rate, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties. Should stopping a beta-blocker not be possible, the baby should be monitored for these symptoms for 24-48 hours.

Discuss with your obstetrician, neurologist, or cardiologist if you are taking this medication during pregnancy as blood pressure and fetal growth can be monitored during pregnancy.

Limited data available however no clear increased risk of affecting baby’s growth.

Verapamil can be used in women with an abnormal heartbeat and high blood pressure during pregnancy and headache prevention especially preventive therapy in cluster headache. When preventive therapy is required verapamil should be used at the lowest effective dose. Verapamil is the preferred calcium channel blocker because it is relatively safe and has good tolerability and ease of use.

Limited data on baby’s growth during verapamil use in pregnancy.

Verapamil can be used in women with an abnormal heartbeat and high blood pressure during pregnancy and headache prevention especially preventive therapy in cluster headache. When preventive therapy is required verapamil should be used at the lowest effective dose. Verapamil is the preferred calcium channel blocker because it is relatively safe and has good tolerability and ease of use.

Limited data on stillbirth, baby’s growth during pregnancy, and long term development effect.

Cardiac conduction problems are seen in 20% of mothers when used for preventive therapy, an ECG should be done before starting medication and before increasing the dose.

Verapamil should be avoided during the late third trimester if possible to avoid delay in labor by slowing the uterine contraction.

Verapamil can be used in women with an abnormal heartbeat and high blood pressure during pregnancy and headache prevention especially preventive therapy in cluster headache. When preventive therapy is required verapamil should be used at the lowest effective dose. Verapamil is the preferred calcium channel blocker because it is relatively safe and has good tolerability and ease of use.

Limited data available however a small study has shown a risk of low heart rate and heart block (a heart rhythm abnormality) in the newborn.

Verapamil can be used in women with an abnormal heartbeat and high blood pressure during pregnancy and headache prevention especially preventive therapy in cluster headache. When preventive therapy is required verapamil should be used at the lowest effective dose. Verapamil is the preferred calcium channel blocker because it is relatively safe and has good tolerability and ease of use.

Candesartan use in the second trimester of pregnancy can lead to premature labour and delivery.

Use of candesartan for headaches is NOT recommended due to risks of fetal death, irreversible kidney injury, poor lung and bone development, small growth of the fetus, and prematurity. These effects are more prominent with use in the second and third trimesters.

The exposed fetus should be monitored for fetal growth, amniotic fluid volume, and organ formation by regular fetal ultrasound during pregnancy.

Discuss with your doctor for alternate treatment options.

Candesartan is NOT a SAFE medication during the second trimester in pregnancy. It can affect fetal kidney function, leading to decreased fluid around the fetus, lung development and fetus bone development. In rare cases it can lead to death of a developing fetus. It can also cause premature birth and decrease the growth of the baby.

Use of candesartan for headaches is NOT recommended due to risks of fetal death, irreversible kidney injury, poor lung and bone development, small growth of the fetus, and prematurity. These effects are more prominent with use in the second and third trimesters.

The exposed fetus should be monitored for fetal growth, amniotic fluid volume, and organ formation by regular fetal ultrasound during pregnancy.

Discuss with your doctor for alternate treatment options.

Candesartan use in the third trimester of pregnancy can lead to premature labour and delivery.

Use of candesartan for headaches is NOT recommended due to risks of fetal death, irreversible kidney injury, poor lung and bone development, small growth of the fetus, and prematurity. These effects are more prominent with use in the second and third trimesters.

The exposed fetus should be monitored for fetal growth, amniotic fluid volume, and organ formation by regular fetal ultrasound during pregnancy.

Discuss with your doctor for alternate treatment options.

Candesartan is NOT a SAFE medication during the third trimester of pregnancy. It can affect fetal kidney function, leading to decreased fluid around the fetus, lung development and fetus bone development. In rare cases it can lead to death of a developing fetus. It can also cause premature birth and decrease the growth of the baby and may result in electrolyte abnormalities leading to an abnormal heart rhythm due to electrolyte imbalance and low blood pressure. Exchange transfusion or dialysis may be required to reverse low blood pressure and improve kidney function, but data is limited to its effectiveness as irreversible kidney injury can occur.

Use of candesartan for headaches is NOT recommended due to risks of fetal death, irreversible kidney injury, poor lung and bone development, small growth of the fetus, and prematurity. These effects are more prominent with use in the second and third trimesters.

The exposed fetus should be monitored for fetal growth, amniotic fluid volume, and organ formation by regular fetal ultrasound during pregnancy.

Discuss with your doctor for alternate treatment options.

Both low (60-100 mg) and higher (more than 100 mg, up to 150 mg) doses of aspirin are safe for the mother.

This drug can safely be used in pregnancy if doses are less than 150 mg.

Both low (60-100 mg) and higher (more than 100 mg, up to 150 mg) doses of aspirin are safe for the fetus.

This drug can safely be used in pregnancy if doses are less than 150 mg.

While 60-150 mg doses of aspirin are considered safe, the safety of doses higher than 150 mg is inconclusive.

This section is currently being updated. Check back later!

While 60-150 mg doses of aspirin are considered safe, the safety of doses higher than 150 mg is inconclusive.

This section is currently being updated. Check back later!

Both low (60-100 mg) and higher (more than 100 mg, up to 150 mg) doses of aspirin are safe for the mother.

This drug can safely be used in pregnancy if doses are less than 150 mg.

Both low (60-100 mg) and higher (more than 100 mg, up to 150 mg) doses of aspirin are safe for the fetus.

This drug can safely be used in pregnancy if doses are less than 150 mg.

While 60-150 mg doses of aspirin are considered safe, the safety of doses higher than 150 mg is inconclusive.

This section is currently being updated. Check back later!

While 60-150 mg doses of aspirin are considered safe, the safety of doses higher than 150 mg is inconclusive.

This section is currently being updated. Check back later!

Limited studies have not shown an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, preterm birth or fetal growth restriction with amitriptyline use in the second trimester.

When possible, this should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose amitriptyline 10mg/day to 25mg/day may be used after informed discussion with the patient.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Limited studies have not shown an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, preterm birth or fetal growth restriction with amitriptyline use in the second trimester.

When possible, this should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose amitriptyline 10mg/day to 25mg/day may be used after informed discussion with the patient.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Limited studies do not show any clear increased risk of labour or delivery difficulties with amitriptyline use in the third trimester.

When possible, this should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose amitriptyline 10mg/day to 25mg/day may be used after informed discussion with the patient.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Use of amitriptyline is associated with neonatal withdrawal syndrome with symptoms of irritability, jitteriness, and rarely seizures in neonates. Crying, constipation, problems with urinating, sucking problems and nausea may also occur in neonates exposed during pregnancy.

When possible, this should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose amitriptyline 10mg/day to 25mg/day may be used after informed discussion with the patient.

Babies born to mothers taking amitriptyline should be monitored for side effects or withdrawal symptoms.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Limited studies have not shown an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, preterm birth or fetal growth restriction with nortriptyline use in the second trimester.

When possible, nortriptyline should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose nortriptyline may be used.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Limited studies have not shown an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, preterm birth or fetal growth restriction with nortriptyline use in the second trimester.

When possible, nortriptyline should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose nortriptyline may be used.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Limited studies do not show any clear increased risk of preterm birth, labour or delivery difficulties with nortriptyline use in the third trimester.

When possible, nortriptyline should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose nortriptyline may be used.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

No increased risk of preterm birth, but use of nortriptyline is associated with neonatal withdrawal syndrome with symptoms of irritability, jitteriness, and rarely seizures in neonates. Crying, constipation, problems with urinating, sucking problems and nausea may also occur in neonates exposed during pregnancy.

When possible, nortriptyline should be discontinued prior to conception and other first-line headache preventative treatment options used.

If required for second-line headache prevention, low dose nortriptyline may be used.

Babies born to mothers taking nortriptyline should be monitored for side effects or withdrawal symptoms.

Consult with your doctor before stopping this medication as suddenly stopping this medication can be dangerous to you or your baby.

Two studies have shown an increased risk of miscarriage, however, other studies have not observed this and therefore the risk is uncertain.

Duloxetine is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy due to possible increased risk of pregnancy loss. If needed, it may be considered as a second-line option.

No growth problems reported with duloextine use in the second trimester. Beyond 20 weeks gestation other medications in a similar class have been associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn although the risk with duloxetine remains uncertain at this time.

Duloxetine is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy. If needed, it may be considered as a second-line option.

Some studies have shown increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage, however, it remains uncertain if this is the result of the medication itself or underlying medical condition which it is being used to treat.

Duloxetine is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy due to possible increased risk of pregnancy loss and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. If needed, it may be considered as a second-line option.

Use of duloxetine in pregnancy during the third trimester can cause temporary withdrawal symptoms in exposed babies, which can include respiratory distress, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, low blood sugars, sleeping difficulties, jitteriness/tremors, and irritability. Typically these symptoms resolve on their own, however, in rare cases there may be need for admission to a monitored setting for supportive care

Duloxetine is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy due to possible increased risk of pregnancy loss and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. If needed, it may be considered as a second-line option.

Some studies have shown increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with venlafaxine use, however, it remains uncertain if this is the result of the medication itself or underlying medical condition which it is being used to treat.

This is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy, however, if needed, may be considered as a second-line option.

Beyond 20 weeks gestation other medications in a similar class have been associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn although the risk with venlafaxine remains uncertain at this time.

This is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy, however, if needed, may be considered as a second-line option.

Some studies have shown increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with venlafaxine use, however, it remains uncertain if this is the result of the medication itself or underlying medical condition which it is being used to treat.

This is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy due to possible increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and neonatal withdrawal syndrome when used in later stages of pregnancy. However, if needed, may be considered as a second-line option.

Use of venlafaxine in pregnancy can cause temporary withdrawal symptoms in exposed babies, which can include respiratory distress, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, low blood sugars, sleeping difficulties, jitteriness/tremors, and irritability. Typically these symptoms resolve on their own however in rare cases there may be need for admission to a monitored setting for supportive care.

This is not a first-line treatment for headache prevention in pregnancy due to possible increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and neonatal withdrawal syndrome when used in later stages of pregnancy. However, if needed, may be considered as a second-line option.

Safety data for flunarizine use in pregnancy is not available.

Flunarizine is NOT recommended in pregnancy for headache prevention due to limited safety data in pregnancy.

Limited or no safety data for flunarizine use in pregnancy.

Flunarizine is NOT recommended in pregnancy for headache prevention due to limited safety data in pregnancy and observation of adverse events have been observed in animal reproduction studies.

Safety data for flunarizine use in pregnancy is not available.

Flunarizine is NOT recommended in pregnancy for headache prevention due to limited safety data in pregnancy.

Limited or no safety data for flunarizine use in pregnancy.

Flunarizine is NOT recommended in pregnancy for headache prevention due to limited safety data in pregnancy and observation of adverse events have been observed in animal reproduction studies.

Safety data for use of pizotifen in pregnancy is not available.

Pizotifen is NOT recommended in pregnancy. Limited to no safety data is available during pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects, therefore this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women for headache prevention.

Limited or no safety data for pizotifen use in pregnancy.

Pizotifen is NOT recommended in pregnancy. Limited to no safety data is available during pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects, therefore this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women for headache prevention.

Safety data for use of pizotifen in pregnancy is not available.

Pizotifen is NOT recommended in pregnancy. Limited to no safety data is available during pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects, therefore this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women for headache prevention.

Limited or no safety data for pizotifen use in pregnancy.

Pizotifen is NOT recommended in pregnancy. Limited to no safety data is available during pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects, therefore this medication should not be prescribed to pregnant women for headache prevention.

Safety data for memantine use in pregnancy is not available.

Animal studies suggest that this is likely safe, however, there is a lack of studies examining safety data during human pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects

Limited or no safety data for memantine use in pregnancy.

Animal studies suggest that this is likely safe, however, there is a lack of studies examining safety data during human pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects

Safety data for memantine use in pregnancy is not available.

Animal studies suggest that this is likely safe, however, there is a lack of studies examining safety data during human pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects

Limited or no safety data for memantine use in pregnancy.

Animal studies suggest that this is likely safe, however, there is a lack of studies examining safety data during human pregnancy, with an uncertain risk of major malformation and uncertain long-term neurocognitive effects